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CHIKUNGUNYA IS ON THE RISE – STAY UP TO DATE

Global travel is increasing, and so is the threat posed by chikungunya25

It’s important to stay vigilant of patients returning from high-risk countries with fever and polyarthralgia, regardless of other clinical and laboratory features.

While diagnosis is difficult and cases often go underreported, chikungunya is becoming a global concern as the number of countries reporting new cases rises.

The ability for viral mutation under selective pressure along with growing worldwide travel gives chikungunya significant epidemic potential. It is crucial to advise patients travelling to at-risk areas of the threat of chikungunya and to educate them on appropriate mosquito bite prevention during travel.

It’s important to stay vigilant of patients returning from high-risk countries with fever and polyarthralgia, regardless of other clinical and laboratory features. 

While diagnosis is difficult and cases often go underreported, chikungunya is becoming a global concern as the number of countries reporting new cases rises.

The ability for viral mutation under selective pressure along with growing worldwide travel gives chikungunya significant epidemic potential. It is crucial to advise patients travelling to at-risk areas of the threat of chikungunya and to educate them on appropriate mosquito bite prevention during travel.
Get involved in staying ahead of this growing threat. Staying informed and up to date on this disease is the first step in helping your patients.25

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    References:

    1. Paixão ES, et al. Chikungunya chronic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2018;1123(7):301-316. 2. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Chikungunya weekly report. Available at: https://www3.paho.org/data/index.php/en/mnu-topics/chikv-en/550-chikv-weekly-en.html. Accessed September 5, 2023. 3. Silva J, et al. A scoping review of Chikungunya virus infection: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, viral co-circulation complications, and control. Acta Tropica. 2018;188:213–224 4. Doran C, et al. Long-term Chikungunya sequelae and quality of life 2.5 years post-acute disease in a prospective cohort in Curaçao. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16(3):e0010142. 5. Wahid B, et al. Global expansion of chikungunya virus: mapping the 64-year history. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;58:69-76. 6. World Health Organization (WHO). Chikungunya fact sheet. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chikungunya. Accessed September 5, 2023. 7. Levi L, et al. Arthritogenic Alphaviruses: A Worldwide Emerging Threat?. 2019;7(133):1–26. 8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Mosquito bite prevention (United States). Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_us.pdf. Accessed September 5, 2023. 9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Chikungunya CDC Yellow Book 2024. Available at: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/chikungunya. Accessed September 5, 2023. 10. Oidtman RJ, et a Co-circulation and misdiagnosis led to underestimation of the 2015-2017 Zika epidemic in the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(3):e0009208. 11. Nemg Simo FB, et al. Chikungunya virus diagnosis: A review of current antigen detection methods. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023;8(7):365. 12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Clinical evaluation & disease: Chikungunya virus. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/hc/clinicalevaluation.html. Accessed September 5, 2023. 13. Natrajan MS, et al. Beyond Fever and Pain: Diagnostic Methods for Chikungunya Virus. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57(6):e00350-19. 14. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Factsheet about chikungunya. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya/facts/factsheet. Accessed September 8, 2023. 15. Mayo Clinic. What is chikungunya fever, and should I be worried?. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/expert-answers/what-is-chikungunya-fever/faq-20109686. Accessed September 8, 2023. 16. Puntasecca CJ, et al. Measuring the global burden of chikungunya and Zika viruses: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(3):1–18. 17. Drebot MA, et al. Travel-related chikungunya cases in Canada, 2014. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2015;8;41(1):2-5. 18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Areas at Risk for Chikungunya. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/geo/index.html. Accessed September 8, 2023. 19. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Chikungunya worldwide overview. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya-monthly#:~:text=In%202023%2C%20and%20as%20of,%2C%20and%20Africa%20(2). Accessed September 8, 2023. 20. Simon F, et al. Chikungunya: risks for travellers. J Trav Med. 2023;30(2):1–8. 21. Boggild AK. et al. Chikungunya in travellers returning to Canada: Surveillance report from CanTravNet surveillance data, 2006 to 2015. J Assoc Med Microbiol Infect Dis Can. 2016;1(3):1-16. 22. Costa LB, et al. Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Chikungunya: A Systematic Literature Review. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023;8(6):301. 23. Pathak H, et al. Chikungunya arthritis. Clin Med. 2019;19(5):381–385. 24. Thiberville, SD, et al. Chikungunya fever: epidemiology, clinical syndrome, pathogenesis […]. Antivir Res. 2013 ;99(3):345-370. 25. Craig J, et al. Diagnostic challenges in chikungunya infection: Report of an atypical presentation. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2015;41(1):6-10.
    1. Paixão ES, et al. Chikungunya chronic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2018;1123(7):301-316.
    2. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Chikungunya weekly report. Available at: https://www3.paho.org/data/index.php/en/mnu-topics/chikv-en/550-chikv-weekly-en.html. Accessed September 5, 2023.
    3. Silva J, et al. A scoping review of Chikungunya virus infection: epidemiology, clinical
    characteristics, viral co-circulation complications, and control. Acta Tropica. 2018;188:213–224
    1. Doran C, et al. Long-term Chikungunya sequelae and quality of life 2.5 years post-acute disease in a prospective cohort in Curaçao. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16(3):e0010142.
    2. Wahid B, et al. Global expansion of chikungunya virus: mapping the 64-year history. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;58:69-76.
    3. World Health Organization (WHO). Chikungunya fact sheet. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chikungunya. Accessed September 5, 2023.
    4. Levi L, et al. Arthritogenic Alphaviruses: A Worldwide Emerging Threat?. 2019;7(133):1–26.
    5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Mosquito bite prevention (United States). Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_us.pdf. Accessed September 5, 2023.
    6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Chikungunya CDC Yellow Book 2024. Available at: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/chikungunya. Accessed September 5, 2023.
    7. Oidtman RJ, et a Co-circulation and misdiagnosis led to underestimation of the 2015-2017 Zika epidemic in the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(3):e0009208.
    8. Nemg Simo FB, et al. Chikungunya virus diagnosis: A review of current antigen detection methods. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023;8(7):365.
    9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Clinical evaluation & disease: Chikungunya virus. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/hc/clinicalevaluation.html. Accessed September 5, 2023.
    10. Natrajan MS, et al. Beyond Fever and Pain: Diagnostic Methods for Chikungunya Virus. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57(6):e00350-19.
    11. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Factsheet about chikungunya. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya/facts/factsheet. Accessed September 8, 2023.
    12. Mayo Clinic. What is chikungunya fever, and should I be worried?. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/expert-answers/what-is-chikungunya-fever/faq-20109686. Accessed September 8, 2023.
    13. Puntasecca CJ, et al. Measuring the global burden of chikungunya and Zika viruses: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(3):1–18.
    14. Drebot MA, et al. Travel-related chikungunya cases in Canada, 2014. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2015;8;41(1):2-5.
    15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Areas at Risk for Chikungunya. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/geo/index.html. Accessed September 8, 2023.
    16. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Chikungunya worldwide overview. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya-monthly#:~:text=In%202023%2C%20and%20as%20of,%2C%20and%20Africa%20(2). Accessed September 8, 2023.
    17. Simon F, et al. Chikungunya: risks for travellers. J Trav Med. 2023;30(2):1–8.
    18. Boggild AK. et al. Chikungunya in travellers returning to Canada: Surveillance report from CanTravNet surveillance data, 2006 to 2015. J Assoc Med Microbiol Infect Dis Can. 2016;1(3):1-16.
    19. Costa LB, et al. Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Chikungunya: A Systematic Literature Review. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023;8(6):301.
    20. Pathak H, et al. Chikungunya arthritis. Clin Med. 2019;19(5):381–385.
    21. Thiberville, SD, et al. Chikungunya fever: epidemiology, clinical syndrome, pathogenesis […]. Antivir Res. 2013 ;99(3):345-370.
    22. Craig J, et al. Diagnostic challenges in chikungunya infection: Report of an atypical presentation. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2015;41(1):6-10.